Course summary

Part I: Globalization, globality and power

Part II: Conflict and violence in global politics

Aims and objectives

This course explores relations of social forces and states in contemporary 'global' politics, bringing together two debates about the global transition that are normally kept separate:

• globalization and its impacts on states and international relations
• the problem of repressive state violence and relations between peaceful and forceful methods of change.

Thus the course has two main aims:

• to explore major concepts and theories of global politics, especially those relating to state, governance, hegemony, civil society, democratization, revolution, new wars, genocide and terrorism.
• to examine key conflicts in the global transition: the revolutions in east-central Europe in 1989; popular movements for democratic change in Asia and Africa; and 'counter-revolutionary' repression by authoritarian states and its connection with genocidal war.

The course asks what these conflicts tell us about the relevance of various theories to understanding global politics. Its key objectives are that students learn to critically evaluate theories and discourses of world politics in the light of a range of contemporary evidence, and learn to research, write and present a dissertation.

Course information

Lectures

There will be a one-hour lecture session for each topic, with opportunity for questions and comments. Please interrupt if there is something you don't understand, or would like to argue with.

Seminars

Seminars will last for 1 hour. Each session will start with 2 short presentations (of approximately 10 minutes) to introduce the discussion.

Reading list

There are no textbooks for this course, but my own approach is indicated in Theory of the Global State: Globality as an Unfinished Revolution (CUP 2000) which explores many of the themes of the course. Another book that will be found very useful is Ian Clark's Globalization and Fragmentation (OUP 1997) which historicizes the arguments about globalization.

Reading is listed below under the seminar topics, with each list divided into 2 sections: essential readings and other. In case of any items being unavailable in the Library, look for substitutes or consult me - in some cases I may be able to lend you the relevant book or article.

Coursework

The first item of coursework will be an outline of your dissertation, to be submitted at the seminar in week 4 and given back with comments in week 10. This should include, on two sides of A4:

• a question or topic of your own devising, relating to the themes and arguments of the course;
• this may or may not be based on one of the seminar questions or topics, but should be on a different topic from your course essay;
• a summary of your proposed argument;
• a short bibliography (5-10 items).

There will also be one course essay to be handed in at the seminar in week 7. You may write on any of the topics in the first part of the course (weeks 1-6), using the seminar questions as a guide, or you may produce your own topics relevant to the themes of this part of the course. If in doubt, consult.

Assessment

This course is assessed by a 6000 word dissertation. There will be individual consultation sessions in week 9. Since submission is in week 6 of the summer term, the final weeks of the course will be devoted to dissertation writing and I will be available for discussion.

Feedback

I am keen to hear your evaluations of this course and my teaching. Please raise difficulties as they arise. Course evaluation forms will be distributed.

References

I am always willing, like all members of faculty, to write references for every student on my courses. Please let me know if you would like to give my name as a referee, and supply me with your c.v. and any background information that might be useful in writing a reference. You may use my name in future, after completion of your degree, but keep me updated on your progress.

Seminar programme

Part I: Globalization, globality and power

Essential preliminary reading

Martin Shaw Theory of the Global State: Globality as Unfinished Revolution, CUP 2000

Ian Clark Globalization and Fragmentation, OUP 1997

Anthony Giddens The Consequences of Modernity Cambridge: Polity, 1990

Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson Globalization in Question Cambridge: Polity, 1996

Jan-Art Scholte, 'Globalisation: prospects for a paradigm shift' in Martin Shaw, ed. Politics and Globalisation London: Routledge 1999, 9-18

James N Rosenau Turbulence in World Politics Princeton: Princeton UP 1990

Justin Rosenberg The Follies of Globalization London: Verso 2000

Ian Clark Globalization and Fragmentation Oxford: Oxford University Press 1997

Martin Albrow The Global Age Cambridge: Polity 1997

Anthony Giddens Modernity and Self-Identity, Cambridge: Polity, 1991

Paul Hirst, ‘The global economy - myths and realities’, International Affairs, 73, 2, 1997, 409-26

Samir Amin, ‘The Challenge of Globalization’, Review of International Political Economy, 3, 2, 1996, 216-59

Peter Dicken Global Shift: The Internationalization of Economic Activity, 3rd edn., Chapman 1998

Caroline Thomas and P Wilkins, eds. Globalization and the South, Macmillan 1997

Immanuel Wallerstein Unthinking Social Science: the Limits of Nineteenth Century Paradigms, Cambridge 1991

JN Pietersee, ‘A Critique of World System Theory’, International Sociology, 3, 1988, 251-66

Kenichi Ohmae, The Borderless World, Collins 1990 and The end of the nation state: the rise of regional economies, HarperCollins 1995

Leslie Sklair, Sociology of the Global System, Harvester-Wheatsheaf, 1991

Ian Clark, Globalization and International Theory Oxford: Oxford University Press 1999

John Baylis and Steve Smith, eds. The Globalization of World Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1997

Eleanor Kofman and Gillian Youngs, eds, Globalization: theory and practice, Pinter 1996

JN Rosenau, Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity, Princeton 1990

JG Ruggie, 'Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations', International Organization, 47, Winter 1993, 139–74

3

Stuart Hall 'The Question of Cultural Identity', in Hall et al., eds. Modernity and Its Futures Polity 1992

Anthony D Smith, 'Towards a Global Culture?’, in Mike Featherstone, ed. Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity, Sage, 1990, 171-191 (see also other papers in this book)

Zygmunt Bauman, Intimations of Postmodernity. London: Routledge 1992; also Postmodern Ethics Blackwell 1993

Yosef Lapid, 'Culture's ship: returns and departures in international relations theory' in Y. Lapid and F. Krachtowil (eds.) The Return of Culture and Identity in International Relations, London: Lynne Reiner 1997, 3-20

R. B. J. Walker Inside-Outside. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1993

Alexander Wendt, 'Collective Identity Formation and the International State', American Political Science Review, 88, 1994, 384–96 

Stuart Hall, 'The Local and the Global', in Anthony D King, ed, Culture, Globalization and the World-System, Macmillan, 1990, 19-39

Roland Robertson, Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture, Sage 1992, ch 3, 'Mapping the Global Condition', 49-60

Vincent Cable, The World’s New Fissures, Demos 1994

M Ferguson, 'The Mythology of Globalization', European Journal of Communication, 7, 1992, 69–93

M Albrow & E King, eds, Globalization, Knowledge and Society, 1990, Foreword and Introduction

TW Luke, 'Discourses of Disintegration, Texts of Transformation: Re-Reading Realism in the New World Order', Alternatives, 18 Spring 1993, 229–58

Jan Aart Scholte, International Relations of Social Change, Open University, 1993, chs 1 and 2, 5-42

Craig Calhoun, ed. Social Theory and the Politics of Identity. Oxford: Blackwell 1994

D Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Conditions of Cultural Change, 1989, Part III

SD Brunn & TR Leinbach, eds, Collapsing Space and Time: Geographic Aspects of Information and Communication, HarperCollins 1991, chs 1, 3

Nick Rengger, Political theory, modernity and postmodernity: beyond enlightenment and critique, Blackwell 1995

Gerard O’Tuthail, Critical Geopolitics, Routledge 1996

Perry Anderson The Origins of Postmodernity. London: Verso 1998

Samuel Huntington, 'The Clash of Civilizations?' Foreign Affairs, 72, Summer 1993, 22–49; or The Clash of Civilizations: The Debate, 1993, and debate in Millenium

Martin Albrow, The Global Age, Polity 1997, 140-62

Anthony D Smith, Nations and Nationalism in a Global Era, Polity, 1995, National Identity, Penguin 1991, ch 7, 143-78 and The Ethnic Origins of Nations, Blackwell 1986, Ch. 1

Immanuel Wallerstein 'Societal Development, or Development of the World-System?' International Sociology, 1, March 1986, 3–17; also in M Albrow & E King eds, Globalization, Knowledge and Society , Sage 1990, 157–71

A G McGrew 'A Global Society?' in S Hall et al eds, Modernity and Its Futures, 1992, or Global Politics: Globalization and the Nation-State, Polity, 1992, Ch. 1

Margaret Archer, ‘Sociology for One World: Unity and Diversity’, International Sociology 6, 3, 133-46

J Friedman, Cultural Identity and Global Process, Sage 1994

W Bloom, Personal Identity, National Identity and International Relations, CUP 1990

Z Mlinar, ed. Globalization and Territorial Identities, Avebury 1992

M Keith & S Pile eds, Place and the Politics of Identity, Routledge 1993

R Robertson & J Chirico, 'Humanity, Globalization and Worldwide Religious Resurgence: A Theoretical Exploration', Sociological Analysis, 46, 1985, 219–42

Anthony D Smith, Nations and Nationalism in a Global Era, Polity, 1995, National Identity, Penguin 1991, ch 7, 143-78 and The Ethnic Origins of Nations, Blackwell 1986, Ch. 1

4

(dissertation outlines are due to be submitted this week)

James N Rosenau & E-O Czempiel, eds, Governance without Government: Order and Change in World Politics, CUP 1992

Richard Falk, On Humane Governance, Polity 1995

M Hewson and Timothy Sinclair Approaches to Global Governance Theory New York: SUNY Press 1999

R W Cox, 'Structural Issues of Global Governance', in S Gill, ed, Gramsci, Historical Materialism and International Relations, 1993, 259–89

Gill, S, American hegemony and the Trilateral Commission, Cambridge University Press, 1990

Randall Germain and Michael Kenny, 'The new Gramscians' Review of International Studies 24, 1, 3-28

Commission on Global Governance, Our Global Neighbourhood, OUP, 1995

Thomas G Weiss, ed., NGOs, the United Nations and Global Governance, Lynne Reiner, 1996

AJ Paolini, AP Jarvis and Christopher Reus-Smit Between Sovereignty and Global Governance: The United Nations, the State and Civil Society London: Macmillan 1998

Richard Falk, ‘State of siege: will globalization win out?’, International Affairs, 73(1) 1997; and Predatory Globalization, Cambridge: Polity 1999

R W Cox, Production, power, and world order : social forces in the making of history, Columbia UP, New York, 1987, Part 3; ed, The New Realism: Perspectives on Multilateralism and World Order, London: Macmillan/UNU Press

Stephen Gill, ed, Gramsci, historical materialism and international relations, Cambridge University Press, 1993

William Robinson Promoting Polyarchy Cambridge University Press 1996

Craig Murphy International Organization and Industrial Change: Global Governance Since 1850 Cambridge: Polity, 1994

RW Cox and TJ Sinclair Approaches to World Order, CUP, 1997

S Gill & D Law, The Global Political Economy: Perspectives, Problems and Policies 1988, Parts III & IV

Kees van der Pijl, The Making of an Atlantic Ruling Class, London: Verso, 1984 and Transnational Classes and International Relations London: Routledge 1998

H Overbeek ed, Restructuring Hegemony in the Global Political Economy: The Rise of Transnational Neo-Liberalism in the 1980s, Routledge 1993, Chapter 1

5

Jan Aart Scholte, ‘Global capitalism and the state’, International Affairs, 73, 2, 1997, 427-52

Linda Weiss, ‘Globalization and the Myth of the Powerless State’ New Left Review 225, Sept-Oct 1997, 3-27, and The Myth of the Powerless State Cambridge: Polity 1998

Michael Mann, ‘Has globalization ended the rise and rise of the nation-state?’ Review of International Political Economy, 4, 3, 1997, 472-96

David Held et al., Global Transformations Cambridge: Polity 1999, Chapter 1

Georg Sørenson, ‘An analysis of contemporary statehood’, Review of International Studies, 23, 2, 1997, 253-70

John MacLean, ‘Towards a Critical Theory of Agency in Contemporary International Relations’, in Martin Shaw, ed, Politics and Globalisation London: Routledge 1999

Kenneth Ohmae The End of the Nation-State New York: Free Press 1993; The Borderless World London: Collins 1990

Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson Globalization in Question Cambridge: Polity, 1996

RH Jackson & A James eds, States in a Changing World: A Contemporary Analysis, Clarendon Press 1993

J Holloway, 'Global Capital and the National State', Capital & Class, No 52 Spring 1994, 23–43

John Hobson, ‘The historical sociology of the state and the state of historical sociology in international relations’, and following debate, Review of International Political Economy 5, 2, 1998

A G McGrew, 'Modernization, Globalization and the Nation-State' in A G McGrew, Paul G Lewis et al, Global Politics, Polity 1992, 253-68

H Holm and G Sørenson, eds. Whose World Order? Uneven Globalization and the End of the Cold War. Boulder: Westview 1995

John Dunn, ed. Contemporary crisis of the nation state? Blackwell, 1995

Mark Rupert Ideologies of Globalization London: Routledge 2000

Sol Picciotto, 'The Internationalisation of the State', Capital & Class, 43 Spring 1991, 43–63

Martin Albrow The Global Age Polity 1997, ‘The Future State and Society’, 163-80

John Gerard Ruggie Building the World Polity: Essays on International Institutionalization. London: Routledge 1998

Jarrod Wiener Globalization and the Harmonization of Law. London: Pinter 1999

Gier Lundestad 'Empire' By Integration. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1998

Philip G Cerny The Changing Architecture of Politics London: Sage, 1990

Ronen Palan and Jason Abbott State Strategies in the Global Political Economy London: Pinter, 1996

6

R. W. Cox, 'Civil Society at the turn of the millennium: prospects for an alternative world order', Review of International Studies 25 (1): 3-28, 1999

A. J. Colas, ‘The Promises of International Civil Society’, Global Society: Interdisciplinary Journal of International Relations (Vol. 11, No. 3, September 1997) pp. 261-277

RA Falk, 'The Global Promise of Social Movements: Explorations at the Edge of Time', Alternatives, April 1987, 173–96

Millennium, 23, 3, Winter 1994, Special issue, ‘Social Movements and World Politics’, especially chapters by Martin Shaw and RBJ Walker, 647-68 and 669-700

Michael Mann, ‘Authoritarian and Liberal Militarism: A Contribution from Historical Sociology’ in Steve Smith, Ken Booth and Marysia Zalewski, eds. International Theory: Positivism and Beyond, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1996

John Keane, ed, Civil Society and the State: New European Perspectives, London: Verso, 1988, esp 1-32 and 73-99

Martin Shaw Civil Society and Media in Global Crises: Representing Distant Violence, London: Pinter 1996 (partial translation in Ulrich Beck, Hg., Perspektiven der Weltgesellschaft, Frankfurt-am-Main: Suhrkamp 1998, 221-55)

Craig Calhoun, ‘Nationalism and Civil Society’, International Sociology, 8, 293-316

Michael Walzer, Toward a global civil society, Berghahn, 1995

L Macdonald, 'Globalising Civil Society: Interpreting International NGOs in Central America', Millennium, 23 Summer 1994, 267–85

Richard Falk, and 'The Infancy of Global Civil Society', in G Lundestad and OA Westad eds. Beyond the Cold War: New Dimensions in International Relations 1992

Paul Hirst, From Statism to Pluralism: Democracy, Civil Society and Global Politics London: UCL Press, 1997

Peter Willetts ed. Pressure Groups in the Global System: The Transnational Politics of Issue-Orientated Non-Governmental Organizations Pinter 1982

LP Thiele, 'Making Democracy Safe for the World: Social Movements and Global Politics', Alternatives, 18 Summer 1993, 273–305 [copy behind Reserve counter]

Giovanni Arrighi et al., Antisystemic Movements, Verso 1989

SH Mendlovitz & RBJ Walker eds, Towards a Just World Peace: Perspectives from Social Movements, Butterworths 1987

Andrew Linklater, The Transformation of Political Community, Cambridge: Polity 1998, especially Ch. 5, 145-178 MJ Peterson, Transnational Activity, International Society and World Politics' and RD Lipschutz, 'Reconstructing World Politics: The Emergence of Global Civil Society', Millennium, 21, 3, Winter 1992, 371–88 and 389–420

Part II: Conflict and violence in global politics

7

Michael Cox, 'The end of the Cold War and why we failed to predict it' (pp 157-174); Mary Kaldor, 'Nations and blocs: towards a theory of the political economy of the interstate model in Europe' (pp 193-212), and Harriet Friedman, 'Warsaw Pact socialism: detente and the disintegration of the Soviet bloc' (pp 213-232) in A. Hunter, ed. Rethinking the Cold War. Philadelphia: Temple University Press 1998

Ian Clark, Globalization and Fragmentation: International Relations in the Twentieth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1997

Timothy Garton Ash We the People: The Revolution of '89 Witnessed in Warsaw, Budapest, Berlin and Prague Oxford: Granta 1990

Zdenek Kavan, 'Civil society and anti-politics in East-Central Europe' in M. Shaw (ed.) Politics and Globalisation, London: Routledge 1999, 113-26

B Wheaton and Z Kavan The Velvet Revolution: Czechoslovakia 1988-91. Boulder: Westview 1992

Mary Kaldor, ed. Europe From Below. London: Verso 1991

Fred Halliday Revolution in World Politics. London: Macmillan 1999

Timothy Garton Ash The Polish Revolution: Solidarity, 1980-82. London: Cape 1983

R Garthoff The Great Transition: American-Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War. Washington, D.C.: Brookings 1994

Michael Cox, ed. Rethinking the Soviet Collapse: Sovietology, the Death of Communism and the New Russia. London: Pinter 1998

L Haus Globalizing the GATT: The Soviet Union's Successor States, Eastern Europe and the International Trading System. Washington: Brookings 1992

John Keane, ed, Civil Society and the State: New European Perspectives, London: Verso, 1988, esp 1-32 and 73-99

Claus Offe Varieties of Transition: The East European and East German Experience. Cambridge: Polity 1996

P Raina Independent Social Movements in Poland. London: LSE 1991

V Tismaneanu In Search of Civil Society: Independent Peace Movements in the Soviet Bloc. New York: Routledge 1990

Gillian Wylie 'Social movements and international change: the case of ''detente from below''', International Journal of Peace Studies 4(2) 1999: 61-82

W Kaltefleiter and R Pfalzgraff The Peace Movements in Europe and the United States. London: Croom Helm 1985

B Kaminski The Collapse of State Socialism: The Case of Poland. Princeton: Princeton University Press 1991

D Keithly The Collapse of East German Communism: The Year the Wall Came Down, 1989. Westport: Praeger 1992

B Lomax Hungary 1956. London: Allison and Busby 1976

Vaclav Havel et al. The Power of the Powerless: Citizens Against the State in Central-Eastern Europe. London: Hutchinson 1985

EP Thompson Beyond the Cold War. London: European Nuclear Disarmament 1981

8

David Potter et al, eds, Democratization, Polity 1997

Robin Luckham and Gordon White, eds, Democratization in the South: The jagged wave, Manchester UP 1996, esp. Introduction and Conclusion, 1-10 and 274-89

Georg Sørensen, Democracy and Democratization in a Changing World, Westview 1993

Anthony McGrew, ed, The Transformation of Democracy? Globalization and Territorial Democracy, Polity 1997, Chapter 1, 1-23

William Robinson Promoting Polyarchy Cambridge University Press 1996

Bruce Cumings, 'Warfare, security and democracy in East Asia', in Tarak Barkawi and Mark Laffey, eds. Democracy, Liberalism and War: Rethinking the Democratic Peace Debate, Boulder: Lynne Rienner, early 2002

P Hainsworth and S McCloskey The East Timor question: the struggle for independence from Indonesia. I.B.Tauris, 1999

David R Howarth and Aletta J Norval, eds. South Africa in Transition: New Theoretical Perspectives Basingstoke: Macmillan 1998

Patrick Bond Elite Transition: From Apartheid to Neoliberalism London: Pluto 2000

William Chapman Inside the Philippine Revolution London: Tauris 1988

Elizabeth Jelin and Eric Hershberg Constructing Democracy: Human Rights, Citizenship and Society in Latin America Oxford: Westview 1996

J Peeler Building Democracy in Latin America Boulder: Lynne Rienner 1998

Adam Przeworski Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America Cambridge University Press 1991

9

10

R Baum, ed. Reform and Reaction in Post-Mao China: The Road Through Tiananmen. New York: Routledge 1991

LJ Cohen Broken Bonds: Yugoslavia’s Distintegration and Balkan Politics in Transition. Boulder: Westview 1995

Tim Judah, Kosovo: War and Revenge, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000

Linda Melvern, A People Betrayed: The Role of the West in Rwanda's Genocide. London: Zed 2000

A J Klinghoffer The International Dimension of Genocide in Rwanda. Basingstoke: Macmillan 2000

C Cheng Behind the Tiananmen Massacre: Social, Political and Economic Ferment in China. Boulder: Westview 1990

A Thurston Enemies of the People: The Ordeal of the Intellectuals in China's Great Cultural Revolution. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 1988

Carole Rogel The breakup of Yugoslavia and the war in Bosnia Westport: Greenwood P.

Susan Woodward Balkan Tragedy. Washington, DC: Brookings 1996

Rayika Omaar and Alex de Waal, Rwanda: Death, Despair and Defiance, Africa Rights 1994

Mel McNulty, ' The Militarization of Ethnicity and the Emergence of Warlordism in Rwanda, 1990-94', in Paul Rich (ed.) Warlords in International Relations, London: Macmillan 1999, 140-63

Summer Term

11

Oliver Ramsbotham and Tom Woodhouse Humanitarian Intervention in Contemporary Conflict, Polity, 1996

James Mayall, ed. The New Interventionism 1991-94: United Nations Experience in Cambodia, former Yugoslavia and Somalia Cambridge University Press 1996

David Rieff Slaughterhouse: Bosnia and the Failure of the West. Harmondsworth: Penguin 1995

Linda Melvern A People Betrayed: The Role of the West in Rwanda's Genocide. London: Zed 2000

Jan Willem Honig & Norbert Both Srebrenica: Record of a War Crime, Penguin 1996

Noam Chomsky On Humanitarian War, London: Pluto 1999

Krishna Kumar, ed, Rebuilding Societies after Civil War: Critical Roles for International Assistance, Lynne Reiner 1996

Thomas G Weiss and Larry Minear, eds, Humanitarianism Across Borders: Sustaining Civilians in Times of War, Lynne Reiner 1994

Martin Shaw Civil Society and Media in Global Crises London: Pinter 1996

Roy Guttman and David Rieff, eds. Crimes of War New York: Norton, 1999

Ed Vulliamy, ‘Bosnia: the crime of appeasement’, International Affairs, 74, 1, 1998, 73-92

T Cushman and S Mestrovic, eds. This Time We Knew: Western Responses to Genocide in Bosnia. New York: New York University Press 1996

Ken Booth, ed. The Kosovo Tragedy: The Human Rights Dimensions London: Cass 2000

James Petras and Steve Vieux, 'Bosnia and the revival of US hegemony', New Left Review 218, 1996, 3-25

James Gow, Triumph of the Lack of Will, London 1997

Jane Sharp, Bankrupt in the Balkans: British Policy in Bosnia, London: Institute for Public Policy Research 1993

T Cushman & SG Mestrovic, eds, This Time We Knew: Western Responses to Genocide in Bosnia, New York UP 1996

David Chandler, Bosnia: Faking Democracy after Dayton, London: Pluto 1999

12

Timothy Dunne and Nicholas J. Wheeler, eds. Human Rights in Global Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1999

Onora O'Neill 'Transnational justice' in D. Held (eds.) Political Theory Today, Cambridge: Polity 1991

Richard Falk, On Humane Governance, Cambridge: Polity 1995

Ken Booth, ed. The Kosovo Tragedy: The Human Rights Dimensions London: Cass 2000

David Held, Democracy and Global Order Cambridge: Polity 1995, esp. Part II, Chs. 5 and 6, 99-140, and Part IV,Chs. 10-12, 219-86

Andrew Linklater The Transformation of Political Community, Cambridge: Polity 1998, esp Ch. 6, 179-204

David Held, ‘Democracy: from city-states to a cosmopolitan order?’, Political Studies, special issue, September 1992, and in D Held ed, Prospects for Democracy: North, South, East, West , Polity 1993, 13–52

Andrew Linklater, 'Community, Citizenship and Global Politics', Oxford International Review, 5 Winter 1993, 6–9

RBJ Walker, 'On the Spatio-Temporal Conditions of Democratic Practice', in his Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory, CUP 1993, 141–58

WE Connolly, 'Democracy and Territoriality', Millennium, 20 Winter 1991, 463–84

D Held & A McGrew, 'Globalization and the Liberal Democratic State', Government and Opposition, 28, 1993

R Bauböck, Transnational Citizenship: Membership and Rights in International Migration, Edward Elgar 1994

Anthony Giddens The Third Way. Cambridge: Polity 1998

Onora O'Neill, 'Justice, gender and boundaries' in R. Attfield and B. Wilkins (eds.) International Justice and the Third World, London: Routledge 1992

13-15