University of Sussex
MA option, Spring 2007
Genocide in World Politics
SUMMARY
Week
1 No session because of MA exams
2 Introductory briefing and brainstorming
3 Legal and sociological concepts of genocide
4 The Holocaust and its significance in the study and politics of genocide
5 Reading week
6 'Ethnic cleansing' and its relationship to genocide [Course essay due]
6 Conceptual proliferation: the 'cides' of genocide
8 The 'intentional destruction' of social 'groups' [Submit outlines of term papers]
9 Explanations [+ Individual consultations on term papers]
10 Responses to
genocide
GENERAL INFORMATION
Reading list
Principal week by week seminar readings are given below. The remainder of the list provides general background reading for essays, term papers and dissertations. It consists of two kinds of literature: general works, which will be relevant to all or most of the seminars, and historical works, which will need to be quarried as appropriate.
Most of this list is organised on historical lines, since the literature on genocide is overwhelmingly historical. (Moreover the literature is highly skewed: academic attention to different genocides has varied enormously. A keyword search in the Library will produce over 500 items on 'Holocaust', almost all concerning Nazism and the Jews, but less than 100 on 'genocide' and at most ten or twenty on any other case.)
In case of any items being unavailable in the Library, look for substitutes or consult me - in some cases I may be able to lend you the relevant book or article.
Web links are underlined. If you are working with a hard copy of this list, you will need to use the online version at the course website,
www.martinshaw.org/sussex/genocideinworldpolitics.htm
Short references are given to works whose full details have already been given in the list.
Textbooks
Several general texts provide a variety of materials for topics across the
course, and are among those it would be most useful to buy:
Andreopoulous, G.A. (1994) ed., Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Chalk, F. and K. Jonassohn (1990) The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Hinton, A. L., ed. (2002)
Annihilating Difference: The Anthropology of Genocide. Berkeley, CA:
University of California Press.
Power, S. (2003) 'A Problem from Hell': America and the Age of Genocide. London: Flamingo.
Schabas,
W.A. (2000) Genocide in International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Shaw, M. (2004) War and Genocide. Cambridge: Polity. My new book, What is Genocide? (Cambridge: Polity, to be published in January 2007), maps quite closely on to the course and a draft is available online for the use only of students on this course.
Web materials
Because this course has a partly topical focus, much useful and especially up to date material is on the web rather than in traditional printed
publications: see e.g.
I would like to incorporate further Internet materials into this course - please email me any that you find useful. My personal website is at www.martinshaw.org. Google scholar is a good academic search resource.
Seminars
Each seminar of approximately 1 hour 50 minutes will focus on three questions, and (except for the introductory session) each question will be given a short introduction by a member of the group. The aim of these introductions is to stimulate discussion; they should be brief (10-15 minutes each), and spoken from notes rather than read verbatim from a text.
Course essays
One course essay of 2000 words should be handed in at the session in Week 6. You may write on any of the topics in the course, using the seminar questions as a guide, or you may produce your own topic relevant to the themes of the course.
Assessment
This course is assessed by a 5000 word term paper on a topic of your choice, related to the issues of the course.
You should consider possible topics and bring a 1-page outline of your proposed topic, with headings,
in week 8. There will be
individual sessions to discuss these papers will be scheduled in week 9. Term papers may be written on thematic questions or on specific episodes.
Feedback
I am keen to hear your evaluations of this course and my teaching. Please raise difficulties as they arise. Course evaluation forms will be distributed in the penultimate week of term.
Contact
My Spring term office hours are Mondays 12.00-12.50. If you need to contact me when I am not in my office,
email me or in case of urgency phone
the departmental office.
References
I am always willing, like all members of faculty, to write references for every student on my courses. Please let me know if you would like to give my name as a referee. Supply me with any background information that might be useful in writing a reference, and keep me updated on your progress if you wish to use my name in future.
Research
degrees
If you are interested in further study at Sussex, for a D.Phil., on any topic
related to the theme of this course or my wider research interests, please do
come and talk to me about it in my office hours.
SEMINAR PROGRAMME
Week
2 Introductory briefing and brainstorming
What is genocide? Why study it? What roles does genocide (reality and concept) play in world politics?
The general texts listed above will be good background reading for this session. From my What is Genocide?, Chapters 1 and 10 are particularly relevant to today's discussion. See also
Geras, N. (1998) The Contract of Mutual Indifference: Political Philosophy after the Holocaust. London: Verso.
Kuper, L. (1981) Genocide. Penguin: Harmondsworth.
3 Legal and sociological concepts of genocide
1 Explain and evaluate Raphael Lemkin's original concept of genocide.
2 Discuss the Genocide Convention's definition of genocide and evaluate its continuing value in legal and political significance.
3 Discuss late 20th century academic re-definitions of genocide: how far have they improved on Lemkin and the Convention?
Chalk and Jonassohn (1990), or Chalk, F. (1994) 'Redefining Genocide', in Andreopoulous (1990), 47-63.
Charny, I.W. (1994) 'Toward a Generic Definition of Genocide', in Andreopoulous (1990), 64-94.
Fein, H. (1990) 'Genocide: A Sociological Perspective', Current Sociology, 38, 1, republished (1993) as Genocide: A Sociological Perspective. London: Sage.
Ignatieff, M. (2001) The Legacy of Raphael Lemkin. Washington DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
Lemkin, R. (1944) Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress. New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, especially Chapter IX, Genocide.
Power, S. (2003)
Schabas, W. (2000)
Shaw, M. (2006), Chapter 2.
Shaw, M. (2004), Chapter 2.
United Nations (1948) Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, in Roberts, A. and R. Geulff (1999) eds, Documents on the Laws of War. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 181-94.
4 The Holocaust and its significance in the study and politics of genocide
1 Outline the principal genocidal campaigns of the National Socialist regime and their relationships to each other.
2 In what sense was the Nazi campaign against the Jews 'unique'? What is the significance of such claims in contemporary world politics and genocide scholarship?
3 What is the scope of the problem of genocide 'denial'?
Browning, C. R. (1992) The Path to Genocide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Charny, I.W. (1991) 'The Psychology of Denial of Known Genocides', in Charny, ed., Genocide: A Critical Bibliographical Review, Vol. 2, London: Mansell, 3-37.
Cohen, S. (2001) States of Denial: Knowing about Atrocities and Suffering. Cambridge: Polity, especially Chapter 1.
Evans, R. (2001) Lying About Hitler: History, the Holocaust and the David Irving Trial. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Finkelstein, N. (2000) The Holocaust Industry. London: Verso.
Goldhagen, D.J. (1996) Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. New York: Little, Brown.
Gordon, S. (1984) Hitler, Germans and the ‘Jewish Question’. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Hancock, I. (2001) 'Responses to the Porrajmos: The Romani Holocaust', in Rosenbaum, ed., Is the Holocaust Unique? 69-95.
Hilberg, R. (1993) Perpetrators, Victims, Bystanders : The Jewish Catastrophe 1933-1945. London: Lime Tree.
Kansteiner, W. (2001) 'The Rise and Fall of
Metaphor: German Historians and the Uniqueness of the Holocaust', in A.
S. Rosenbaum, ed., Is the Holocaust Unique?, 221-44.
Katz, S.T. (1994) The Holocaust in Historical Context. Vol. 1. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lipstadt, D. (1996) Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Lopate, P. (1989) 'Resistance to the Holocaust', in David Rosenberg, ed., Testimony: Contemporary Writers Make the Holocaust Personal. New York: Random House, 285-308.
Rosenbaum, A.S. (2001) ed., Is the Holocaust Unique? Perspectives on Comparative Genocide. Boulder, Co: Westview.
Rosenfeld, G. D. (1999) ‘The Politics of Uniqueness: Reflections on the Recent Polemical Turn in Holocaust and Genocide Scholarship’. Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 13, 1, 28-62.
Stannard, D.E. (1992) American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, and (2001) 'Uniqueness as Denial: The Politics of Genocide Scholarship', in Rosenbaum, ed., Is the Holocaust Unique? 245-90.
5 'Ethnic cleansing' and its relationship to genocide
1 What is 'ethnic cleansing'? Where did this idea come from, and is it a viable social scientific and historical concept?
2 Discuss the history of 'ethnic cleansing' in Bosnia-Herzegovina: did it constitute genocide?
3 Outline, with reference to Kosovo, the relationships between civilian resistance, armed resistance and international intervention in provoking, preventing and halting genocidal expulsions.
Bell-Fialkoff,
A. (1996) Ethnic Cleansing, Basingstoke: Macmillan, or (1993)
'A Brief History of Ethnic
Cleansing'.
Foreign Affairs,
3, Summer.
Clark, H. (2000) Civil Resistance in Kosovo. London: Pluto.
Honwana, A. (2001) 'Children of War: Understanding War and War Cleansing in Mozambique and Angola', in S. Chesterman, ed., Civilians in War. Boulder: Lynne Reinner, 123-44.
Judah, T. (2000) Kosovo: War and Revenge. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Mann, M. (2005) The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Masalha, N. (1997) A Land Without a People: Israel, Transfer and the Palestinians 1949-96. London: Faber.
Morris, B. (2004) The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mulaj, K. (2003) 'Ethnic Cleansing in Yugoslavia in the 1990s', in Vardy, S.B. and T.H. Tooley, eds., Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe. Boulder: Social Science Monographs, 693-711.
Naimark, N. M. (2001) Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Petrovic, D, (1994) 'Ethnic Cleansing - An Attempt at Methodology'. European Journal of International Law, 5, 3, 1994, 1-19.
Shaw, M. (2006) Chapter 4.
United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities (1997) Freedom of Movement: Human Rights and Population Transfer.
Zayas,
A.M. de (1979) Nemesis at Potsdam: The Anglo-Americans and the Expulsion of
the Germans, 2nd edition. London: Routledge, Kegan & Paul.
6 Conceptual proliferation: the 'cides' of genocide
1 Discuss the gendering of genocide and the utility of the concept of 'gendercide'.
2 Does it make sense to analyse Stalin's 'liquidation of the kulaks' as 'classicide' (Mann)?
3 What were the principal features of the Cambodian genocide, and does the term 'auto-genocide' help us to understand it?
Coward, M. (2004) 'Urbicide in Bosnia', in S. Graham, ed., Cities, War and Terrorism: Towards an Urban Geopolitics. Oxford: Blackwell.
Green, B.B. (2001), 'Stalinist Terror and the Question of Genocide: The Great Famine', in Rosenbaum, ed., Is the Holocaust Unique? 169-89.
Human Rights Watch (1996) Shattered Lives: Sexual Violence During the Rwandan Genocide and its Aftermath. New York: Human Rights Watch.
Jones, A. (2000), 'Gendercide and Genocide'. Journal of Genocide Research, 2: 2, 185-211, or (2004) Gendercide and Genocide. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.
Kiernan, B. (1996) The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975-79. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, and (1993) ed., Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia: the Khmer Rouge, the United Nations and the International Community. New Haven: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies.
Plant,
R. (1987) The Pink Triangle: The Nazi War Against Homosexuals. Edinburgh:
Mainstream.
Porteous, J. D. and S. E. Smith (2001) Domicide: The Global Destruction of Home. McGill-Queen's University Press.
Shaw, M. (2006), Chapter 5.
Stanton, G.H. (1993) 'The Cambodian Genocide and International Law', in Kiernan, ed., Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia.
Stein, S.D. (2002) 'Geno and Other Cides: A Cautionary Note on the Accumulation of Knowledge'. Journal of Genocide Research, 1: 2002, and (2003) 'Ethnocide', in E. Cashmore, ed., Encyclopedia of Race and Ethnic Studies, London: Routledge.
Warren,
M.A. (1985) Gendercide: The Implications of Sex Selection. Totowa:
Rowman and Allanheld.
7 Intentionality, conflict and war
1 How far can we define genocide by the perpetrators' intentions? Is genocide simply one-sided action or should it be seen as a form of conflict?
2 When is famine genocide? Compare those in British India and resulting from Mao Zedong's Great Leap Forward, analysing the role of intentionality.
3 What is the relationship between genocide and war? (Does it make sense to categorise it as either a domestic or an international problem?)
Bartov, O. (2000) Mirrors of Destruction: War, Genocide and Modern Identity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Becker, J. (1996) Hungry Ghosts: China's Secret Famine. London: John Murray
Conquest, R. (1986) The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror Famine.
London: Hutchinson.
Davis, M. (2000) Late Victorian Holocausts. London: Verso.
Hamburg Institute for Social Research (1999) The German Army and Genocide: Crimes Against War Prisoners, Jews and Other Civilians in the East, 1939-1944. New York: The New Press.
Lifton, R.J. and Marcusen, E. (1988) The Genocidal Mentality: The Nazi Holocaust and the Nuclear Threat. London: Macmillan
Marcusen, E. and Kopf, D. (1995)
The Holocaust and Strategic Bombing: Genocide and Total War in the Twentieth Century. Boulder: Westview.
Schabas, W. (2000)
Shaw, M. (2004) Chapter 2, and (2006) Chapters 6 and 7.
Natsios, A.S. (2001) The Great North Korean Famine: Famine, Politics, and Foreign Policy. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Institute of Peace Press, 2001.
Reid,
J. J. (1992) 'Total war, the annihilation ethic, and the Armenian genocide,
1870-1918' in R. G. Hovanissian, The
Armenian Genocide: History, Politics, Ethics. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
8 Explanations
1 In what sense, if any, is genocide a product of modernity? Evaluate Bauman's argument on the Holocaust and its general relevance.
2 'My critique of those who tend to accent the economic and the cultural in the understanding of the genocide is that their explanation obscures the moment of decision, of choice, as if human action, even - or, shall I say, particularly - at its most dastardly or heroic, can be explained by necessity alone.' (Mahmood Mamdani) Do you agree?
3 Evaluate Mann's claim that ethnic cleansing and genocide constitute the 'dark side of democracy'.
Bauman, Z. (1989) Modernity and the Holocaust. Cambridge: Polity.
Foucault, M. (1998) The Will to Knowledge: The History of Sexuality, Volume 1, translated by R. Hurley. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Hinton, A. L. (2002) 'The Dark Side of Modernity: Toward an Anthropology of Genocide', in Hinton, ed., Annihilating Difference, 1-42.
Jefremovas,
V. (2002) Brickyards to Graveyards: From Production to Genocide in Rwanda.
Albany: State University of New York Press.
Kuperman, Alan J. (2001) The Limits of Humanitarian Intervention: Genocide in Rwanda. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, and (2004) 'Provoking Genocide: A Revised History of the Rwandan Patriotic Front'. Journal of Genocide Research, 6, 1, 61-84.
Lemarchand, R. (1996) Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, and (1998) 'Genocide in the Great Lakes: Which Genocide? Whose Genocide?' New Haven: Yale University Genocide Studies Program Working Papers.
Levene, M.
(1999) 'The Chittagong Hill Tracts: A Case Study in the Political Economy of
''Creeping'' Genocide, Third
World Quarterly,
20, 2, 339 - 369, and (2004) 'A Dissenting Voice', Parts I and II, Journal
of Genocide Research, 6, 2, 153-66, and 6, 3, 431-46.
Mann, M. (2005) The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; see also (1999) 'The dark side of democracy: the modern tradition of ethnic and political cleansing', New Left Review, 232, and (2001) The colonial darkside of democracy.
Mamdani, M. (2001) When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism and the Genocide in Rwanda. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Palmer, A. (1998) 'Colonial and Modern Genocide: Explanations and Categories'. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 21, 1, 89-115, or (2000) Colonial Genocide. Adelaide: Crawford House.
Schafft,
G. E. (2002) 'Scientific Racism in the Third Reich: German Anthropologists in
the Nazi Era', in Hinton, ed., Annihilating Difference, 117-34, or (2004)
From Racism to Genocide: Anthropology in the Third Reich. Chicago:
University of Illinois Press.
Taylor, C. C. (2002) 'The Cultural Face of Terror in the Rwandan Genocide of 1994', in Hinton, ed., Annihilating Difference, 137-78.
9 Responses
1 Explain why the United Nations failed to halt the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. (Has it been any better in Darfur?)
2 Outline the strengths and weaknesses of international justice as a response to genocide, in the light of the Yugoslav and Rwandan tribunals.
3 Discuss the contradictions in the post-genocidal policies of the Rwandan regime.
Barnett, M. (2002) Eyewitness to a Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Eltringham, N. (2004) Accounting for Horror: Post-Genocide Debates in Rwanda. London: Pluto.
Hirsh,
D. (2003) Law Against Genocide: Cosmopolitan Trials. London: Glasshouse.
Human Rights Watch (2004) Darfur Destroyed: Ethnic Cleansing by Government and Militia Forces in Western Sudan.
International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur (2005) Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur.
Klinghoffer, A.J. (1998) The International Dimension of Genocide in
Rwanda. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Magnorella, P. J. (2002) 'Recent
Developments in the International Law of Genocide: An Anthropological
Perspective on the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda', in Hinton, ed., Annihilating Difference.
Melvern, L. R. (2000) A People
Betrayed: The Role of the West in Rwanda's Genocide. London: Zed.
Omaar, R. and de Waal, A. (1994) Rwanda: Death, Despair and Defiance. London: Africa Rights.
Power, S. (2003)
Prunier, G. (2005) Darfur: The Ambiguous Genocide. London: Hurst, and (2005) From Genocide to Continental War: The Congolose Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa. London: Hurst.
Slim, H. (2004)
'Dithering
over Darfur? A Preliminary Review of
the International Response'. International Affairs, 80, 5, 811-828.
SUPPLEMENTARY READING LIST
General and comparative
Campbell, K.J. (1999) Genocide and the Global Village. Basingstoke: Macmillan
Charny, I.W. (eds.) (1999) Encyclopaedia of Genocide. Oxford: ABC-CLIO; (1988, 1991) Genocide: a critical bibliographic review, 2 vols.
Du Preez, P. (1994) Genocide: the psychology of mass murder. London: Boyars Bowerdean.
Horowitz, I.L. (1997) Taking Lives: Genocide and State Power. Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction
Sofsky, W. (1997) The order of terror: the concentration camp. Princeton: Princeton U.P.
Sluka, J. (1999) Death squad: the anthropology of state terror. Pittsburgh: U. of Pennsylvania P.
Staub, E. (1989) The roots of evil: the origins of genocide and other group violence. Cambridge: C.U.P.
Storr, A. (1991) Human Destructiveness: the Roots of Genocide and Human Cruelty. London: Routledge
International law, genocide and war
Beigbeder, Y. (1998) Judging war criminals : the politics of international justice. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Best, G. (1994) War and law since 1945. Oxford: Clarendon P.; (1984) Nuremberg and after : the continuing history of war crimes and crimes against humanity. Reading: U. of Reading.
Guttman, R. and Rieff, D. (eds.) (1999) Crimes of War. New York: Norton.
Hammond, P. and Herman, E.S. (eds.) (2000) Degraded Capability: The Media and the Kosovo Crisis, London: Pluto, 2000 (chapter on war crimes tribunal) and review by Martin Shaw, The uses of media studies
Helsinki Watch (1993) War crimes in Bosnia-Hercegovina, 2 volumes. New York: Human Rights Watch.
Howard, M., Andreopoulos, G.J. and Shulman, M.R. (eds.) (1994) The laws of war: constraints on warfare in the Western world. New Haven: Yale UP.
International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia
Magnarella, P.J. (2000) Justice in Africa: Rwanda's genocide, its courts, and the UN criminal tribunal. Aldershot: Ashgate; (1999) Judicial responses to genocide:the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the Rwandan Genocide Court, African Studies Quarterly 1, 1; (1999) Is US cooperation with the UN Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda unconstitutional?, African Studies Quarterly 1, 1
Meron, T. (1998) War crimes law comes of age: essays. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Neier, A. (1998) War crimes, brutality, genocide, terror and the struggle for justice, Times Books, 1998
Nowrojee, B. and Ralph, Regan (2000) 'Justice for women victims of violence: Rwanda after the 1994 genocide' in Amadiume, I. and An-Na'im, A. (eds.) The Politics of Memory: Truth, Healing and Social Justice, London: Zed
Roth, B.R. (1999) Governmental Illegitimacy in International Law. Oxford: OUP.
Scharf, M.P. (1997) Balkan justice: the story behind the first international war crimes trial since Nuremberg. Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic P.
Colonial genocides and famines
Bley, H. (1971) South-West Africa under German Rule 1894-1914. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press.
Bridgman, J. (1981) The Revolt of the Hereros. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Bridgman J & Worley L. (1997) "Genocide of the Herreros", in S. Totten et al (eds), Century of Genocide. Eyewitness Accounts and Critical Views. New York: Garland.
Brown D. (1970) Bury My heart at Wounded Knee. An Indian History of the American West. London: Barrie & Jenkins.
Churchill, W. (1997) A Little Matter of Genocide: Holocaust and Denial in the Americas, 1492 to the Present. San Francisco: City Light Books.
De Waal, Alex. Famine Crimes. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998.
Drechsler, H. (1980) "Let Us Die Fighting": the Struggle of the Herrero and the Nama against German Imperialism. London: Zed.
Fieldhouse, D. (1966) The Colonial Empires from the Eighteenth Century. New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Fredrickson, G. (1988) "Colonialism and racism: The United States and South Africa in comparative perspective", in his The Arrogance of Race", Middletown, Ct.: Wesleyan University Press.
Poewe K. (1985) The Namibia Herero: a history of their psychological disintegration and survival. Lewiston, NY: Mellen.
Prucha F. 1994 "Andrew Jackson’s Indian Policy: A Reassessment", in Hurtado & Iverson, eds., op. cit.
Rowley C. (1972) The Destruction of Aboriginal society. Canberra: Australian National University Press.
Thomas H. 1993 Conquest. Montezuma, Cortes and the Fall of Old Mexico. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Armenia
Chorbajian, L. and Shirinian, G., eds. (1999) Studies in comparative genocide, Basingstoke: Macmillan
Dadrian, V. N. (1989) Genocide as a problem of national and international law: the World War 1 Armenian case and its contemporary legal ramifications. Yale journal of international law, 14,.2. Copy under author in Library.
Graber, G. (1996) Caravans to Oblivion: The Armenian Genocide, 1915. New York: Wiley
Hovannisian, R. (1992) The Armenian Genocide: History, Politics, Ethics. London: Macmillan, especially J.J. Reid, 'Total war, the annihilation ethic, and the Armenian genocide, 1870-1918'
Soviet Union
Bacon, E. (eds.) (1998) The Gulag at War: Stalin's Forced Labour System in the Light of the Archives. Basingstoke: Macmillan
Conquest, R. (1990) The great terror: a reassessment. New ed., London:Hutchinson; (1986) The harvest of sorrow: Soviet collectivization and the terror famine; (1991) Stalin: breaker of nations. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Fitzpatrick, S. (1994) Stalin's peasants: resistance and survival in the Russian village after collectivization Sheila Fitzpatrick New York: O.U.P.
Getty, J.A. and Thompson Manning, R. (eds.) (1993) Stalinist terror: new perspectives. Cambridge: C.U.P.
Kershaw, I. and Lewin, M. (1997) Stalinism and Nazism: dictatorships in comparison, Cambridge: C.U.P.
Lewin, M. (1968) Russian Peasants and Soviet Power: A Study of Collectivization. London: Allen and Unwin, final chapters
Smith, K. E. (1996) Remembering Stalin's victims: popular memory and the end of the USSR, Ithaca: Cornell U.P.
Thurston, R.W. (1999) Life and terror in Stalin's Russia, 1934-1941, New Haven: Yale U.P.
Tucker, R.C. (1990) Stalin in power: the Revolution from above, 1928-1941. New York: Norton, 1990
Viola, L. (1996) Peasant rebels under Stalin: collectivization and the culture of peasant resistance. Lynne Viola New York: O.U.P.
China
Ashton, B. et al.(1985) 'Famine in China 1958-1961', Population and Development Review (Spring): 613-645.
Chang, I. (1998) The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II. London: Penguin.
De Waal, A. (1998) Famine Crimes. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998.
Thurston, A. (1988) Enemies of the People: The Ordeal of the Intellectuals in China's Great Cultural Revolution. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press
White, L. (1993) The Policies of Chaos: The Organizational Causes of Violence in China's Cultural Revolution. Princeton: Princeton University Press
Zhang, Xianliang. Grass Soup. Boston: David R. Godine, 1994.
Nazism
Bankier, D. (1990) 'Germans and the Holocaust: what did they know?', Yad Vashem Studies 20.
Bartov, O. (1991) Hitler's Army: Soldiers, Nazis and War in the Third Reich'.
Bauer, Y. (1990) The Holocaust in Historical Perspective. Washington: University of Seattle Press; (1973) They chose life: Jewish resistance in the Holocaust. New York: American Jewish Committee; (1978) The holocaust in historical perspective. Sheldon P.
Botwinick, Rita S. (1996) A history of the Holocaust: from ideology to annihilation. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
Block, G. and Drucker, M. (1992) Rescuers: Portraits of Moral Courage in the Holocaust. New York: Holmes and Meier
Browning, C.R. (1992) Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battallion 101 and the Final Solution. New York: Harper.
Burleigh, M. (1997) Ethics and extermination: reflections on Nazi genocide Cambridge: C.U.P.
Cesarani, D. (eds.) (1997) Genocide and rescue: the Holocaust in Hungary 1944. Oxford:Berg.
Davidowicz, L. (1985) The War Against the Jews. Harmondsworth: Penguin
Friedlander, H. (1995) The origins of Nazi genocide: from euthanasia to the final solution. Chapel Hill:U. of North Carolina P.
Friedlander, S. (1994) 'Introduction to the English edition' in P. Burrin (eds) Hitler and the Jews, London: Edward Arnold
Goldhagen, D.J. (1996) Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. New York: Little, Brown
Gordon, S. (1984) Hitler, Germans and the 'Jewish Question'. Princeton: Princeton University Press
Grau, G. and Schoppmann, C. (eds.) (1995) Hidden Holocaust?: gay and lesbian persecution in Germany, 1933-45. London: Cassell.
*Gross, J. T. (2001) Neighbors, Princeton: Princeton University Press
Hamburg Institute for Social Research (2000) The German army and genocide: crimes against war prisoners, Jews, and other civilians in the East, 1939-1944. London: I.B.Tauris.
Hirschfeld, G. (ed.) (1986) The policies of genocide: Jews and Soviet prisoners of war in Nazi Germany. London: German Historical Institute.
Hsiung, J.C. & Levine, S.I., eds. (1992) China's bitter victory: the war with Japan 1937-1945, Armonk: Sharpe
Katz, S.T. (1994) The Holocaust in historical context: The Holocaust and mass death before the modern age. New York: O.U.P.
Kitterman, D. H. (1996) Refusing Nazi orders to kill: Germans in uniform who resisted the Holocaust. Oxford: Berg.
Landau, R. S. (1992) The Nazi Holocaust. London: Tauris.
Lifton, R.J. and Marcusen, E. (1988) The Genocidal Mentality: The Nazi Holocaust and the Nuclear Threat. London: Macmillan
Lukas, R. C. (1986) The forgotten holocaust: the Poles under German occupation 1939-1944. Lexington: U.P. of Kentucky.
*Marcusen, E. and Kopf, D. (1995) The Holocaust and Strategic Bombing: Genocide and Total War in the Twentieth Century. Boulder: Westview
Pehle, W.H. (ed.) (1991) November 1938: from "Reichskristallnacht" to genocide. New York: Berg.
Rohrlich, R. (eds.) (1998) Resisting the Holocaust. Oxford: Berg.
Rosenbaum, A.S. (1996) Is the Holocaust unique?: perspectives on comparative genocide. Boulder:Westview.
Ryan, M.D. (ed.) (1981) Human responses to the Holocaust: perpetrators and victims, bystanders and resisters. New York: Edwin Mellen P.
Steiman, L. B. (1998) Paths to genocide: antisemitism in Western history. Basingstoke:Macmillan.
The contemporary politics of the Holocaust
Bauer, Y. (1989) Out of the ashes: the impact of American Jews on post-Holocaust Jewry. Oxford: Pergamon P.
Benz, W. (1999) The Holocaust: a German historian examines the genocide. New York: Columbia U.P.
Berenbaum, M. (1993) The world must know: the history of the Holocaust as told in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Boston: Little, Brown.
Buruma, I. (1994) The wages of guilt: memories of war in Germany and Japan, London: Cape
Gurock, J.S. (1998) America, American Jews and the Holocaust. New York: Routledge.
Hayes, P. (1999) Lessons and legacies: memory, memorialization, and denial. Evanston: Northwestern U.P.
Imperial War Museum (2000) Holocaust Exhibition. London: IWM
Katz, S. T.(1992) Historicism, the Holocaust and Zionism: critical studies in modern Jewish thought and history. New York U.P.
Kushner, T. (1994) The Holocaust and the Liberal Imagination: a Social and Cultural History. Oxford: Blackwell
Lipstadt, D. (1996) Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory. Harmondsworth: Penguin
Littell, F.H. (1997) Hyping the Holocaust: scholars answer Goldhagen. New York:Cummings & Hathaway.
Loshitzky, Y. (1997) Spielberg's Holocaust: critical perspectives on "Schindler's list". Bloomington:Indiana U.P.
Milburn, M.A.& S.D. Conrad (1996) The politics of denial, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press
Minow, M. (1998) Between vengeance and forgiveness: facing history after genocide and mass violence. Boston: Beacon P.
Rosenthal, G. (1998) The Holocaust in three generations: families of victims and perpetrators of the Nazi regime. London: Cassell.
Seidel, Gill (1986) The Holocaust denial: antisemitism, racism and the new right Gill Seidel Manchester: Beyond the Pale Collective.
Stern, K. S.(1993) Holocaust denial, New York: The American Jewish Community
Vidal-Naquet, P. ( 1992) Assassins of memory: essays on the denial of the Holocaust. New York:Columbia U.P.
Young, J. E. (1988) Writing and rewriting the Holocaust: narrative and the consequences of interpretation. Bloomington: Indiana U.P.
Cambodia
Barnett, A. & Pilger, J. (1982) Aftermath: the Struggle of Cambodia and Vietnam. London: New Statesman.
Burns, R.D. and Leitenberg, M. (1984) The wars in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos, 1945-1982: a bibliographic guide. Oxford: ABC-CLIO P.
Chandler, David P.(1991) The tragedy of Cambodian history: politics, war, and revolution since 1945. New Haven:Yale U.P.
Evans, G. and Rowley, K. (1990) Red Brotherhood at War: Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos Since 1975. London: Verso
Haas, M. (1991) Cambodia, Pol Pot, and the United States: the Faustian pact. New York:Praeger, 1991
Hannum, H. and Haslam, E. (1989) International law and Cambodian genocide: the sounds of silence. Human rights quarterly, 11, 1
Kiljunen, K. (ed.) (1989) Kampuchea: decade of the genocide. London: Zed Books, 1984
Shawcross, W. (1984) The quality of mercy: Cambodia, holocaust and modern conscience. London: Deutsch; (1986) Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon and the destruction of Cambodia. London: Hogarth P.
Wright, M. (ed.) (1989) Cambodia: a matter of survival. Harlow:Longman.
Joffe, R. (director) (1984)The killing fields. Video recording.
Indonesia and East Timor
Anderson, B. (2000) article in New Left Review 3
Barbedo de Magalhaes, A. (1992) East Timor, Indonesian occupation and genocide. Oporto: Oporto University.
Carey, P. and Carter Bentley, G. (1995) East Timor at the Crossroads: The Forging of a Nation. London: Cassell.
Cribb, R. (eds.) (1991) The Indonesian Killings 1965-66. Clayton, Victoria: Monash University Centre for Southeast Asian Studies
Hainsworth, P. & McCloskey, S. (1999) The East Timor question: the struggle for independence from Indonesia. I.B.Tauris, 1999
May, B. (1978) The Indonesian Tragedy. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Palmier, L. (1973) Communists in Indonesia. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson
Pilger, J. (1992) Distant Voices. London: Vintage
Retbøll, T. (1998) East Timor: Occupation and Resistance. Copenhagen: IWGIA.
Suter, Keith D. (1997) East Timor, West Papua-Irian and Indonesia. London: Minority Rights Group International
Iraq
Arnove, A. (2000) Iraq under siege: the deadly impact of sanctions and war. Cambridge, Mass.:South End P.
Baram, A. and Rubin, B. (eds.) (1993) Iraq's road to war. Basingstoke:Macmillan.
Campaign Against Sanctions on Iraq (2000) Sanctions Against Iraq: Background, Consequences, Strategies Cambridge: CASI.
Cordesman, A. H.(1999) Iraq and the war of sanctions: conventional threats and weapons of mass destruction. Westport: Praeger.
Dodd, T. and Youngs, T. (1998) The Iraq crisis. London: House of Commons Library.
Dreze, J. & Gazdar, H. (1991) Hunger and poverty in Iraq. London: Suntory-Toyota International Centre for Economics and Related Disciplines
Freedman, L. and Karsh, E. (1993) The Gulf Conflict 1990-91: Diplomacy and War in the New World Order, London: Faber.
Gunter, M. (1999) The Kurdish predicament in Iraq: a political analysis. Basingstoke:Macmillan.
Haselkorn, A. (1999) The continuing storm: Iraq, poisonous weapons, and deterrence. New Haven: Yale U.P.
Hazelton, F. (ed.) (1994) Iraq since the Gulf War: prospects for democracy. London: Zed Books.
Human Rights Watch (1994) Iraq’s Crime Of Genocide: The Anfal Campaign against the Kurds. New Haven: Yale University Press
Khadduri, M. and Ghareeb, E. (1997) War in the Gulf, 1990-91: the Iraq-Kuwait conflict and its implications. New York: O.U.P.
Karsh, E. (ed.) (1989) The Iran-Iraq war: impact and implications, London: Macmillan 1989
Minority Rights Group (1993) The Marsh Arabs of Iraq. London: Minority Rights Group.
Nakash, Y. (1994) The Shi'is of Iraq. Princeton: Princeton U.P.
Shaw, M. (1996) Civil Society and Media in Global Crises: Representing Distant Violence. London: Pinter.
Simons, G. (1998) The Scourging of Iraq: Sanctions, Law and Natural Justice: 2nd edition, London: Macmillan; (1999) Iraq - primus inter pariahs: a crisis chronology. Basingstoke:Macmillan.
Watson, F. M. (1994) Sanctions against Iraq. London: House of Commons Library.
Weller, M. (ed.) (1999) Coercive disarmament: Iraq, UNSCOM and the use of force. Cambridge: Documents and Analysis Publishing; (1993) Iraq and Kuwait: the hostilities and their aftermath. Cambridge: Grotius.
Former Yugoslavia
Benard, C. (1994) Rape as terror: the case of Bosnia. Article from Terrorism and political violence, 6, 1.
Bosnia Institute (2000) Books on Bosnia online database. London: Bosnia Institute.
Bougarel, X. (1996) Anatomie d'un conflit. Paris: Decouvertes.
Burg, S. L. and Shoup, P.(1999) The war in Bosnia-Herzegovina: ethnic conflict and international intervention. Armonk: Sharpe.
Chandler, D. (1999) Bosnia: Faking Democracy after Dayton. London: Pluto.
Clark, H. (2000) Civil resistance in Kosovo. London: Pluto P., 2000
Cohen, L.J. (1995) Broken Bonds: Yugoslavia’s Distintegration and Balkan Politics in Transition. Boulder: Westview.
Columbus, F. (ed.) (1999) Kosovo - Serbia: a just war? Commack: Nova Science.
Cushman, T. and Mestrovic, S. (eds.) (1996) This Time We Knew: Western Responses to Genocide in Bosnia. New York: New York University Press
Dyker, D. and Vejvoda, I. (eds.) (1996) Yugoslavia and After. London: Longmans.
European Stability Initiative (2000) Refocusing International Policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina Part I Bosnian Power Structures, Part II International Power in Bosnia; (1999) Power and Strategy in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Honig, J.W. and Both, N. (1996) Srebrenica: Record of a War Crime. London: Penguin.
Institute for War and Peace Reporting (1992-date) Balkan Crisis Reports and Tribunal Update (both available free by email subscription).
Kaldor, M. (1999) New and Old Wars. Cambridge: Polity, ch 3, 31-68.
Ramet, S. P. (1999) Balkan babel: the disintegration of Yugoslavia from the death of Tito to the war for Kosovo. Boulder:Westview P.
Rieff, D. (1995) Slaughterhouse: Bosnia and the Failure of the West. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Rogel, C. (1998) The breakup of Yugoslavia and the war in Bosnia Carole Westport:Greenwood P.
Sells, M. (1996) The Bridge Betrayed: Religion and Genocide in Bosnia. Berkeley: University of California Press; (1996) Massacre in Srebrenica, Haverford College
United Nations (1998) Report on Srebrenica. New York: UN.
Vulliamy, E. (1998) ‘Bosnia: the crime of appeasement’, International Affairs, 74, 1, 1998, 73-92; (1994) Seasons in Hell, London: Simon & Schuster, 98-117.
Women of Srebrenica: refugees' site
Woodward, S. (1996) Balkan Tragedy. Washington, DC: Brookings.
Youngs, T. and Bowers, P. (1999) Kosovo: KFOR and reconstruction. London: House of Commons Library.
Rwanda
Des Forges, A. (eds.) (1999) Leave None To Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda. London: Human Rights Watch
Destexhe, A. (1995) Rwanda and genocide in the twentieth century. London: Pluto P.
Eltringham, N. (2004) Accounting for horror: post-genocide debates in Rwanda. London:
Pluto.
Human Rights Watch ( 1996) Shattered lives: sexual violence during the Rwandan genocide and its aftermath. New York: Human Rights Watch.
Igwara, O. (ed.) (1995) Ethnic hatred: genocide in Rwanda. London: ASEN.
Klinghoffer, A.J. (2000) The International Dimension of Genocide in Rwanda. Basingstoke: Macmillan
Lemarchand, R. (1999) Patterns of state collapse and reconstructions in Central Africa: reflections on the crisis in the Great Lakes African Studies Quarterly 1, 1; & Martin, D. (1974) Selective genocide in Burundi. London: Minority Rights Group, 1974
McNulty, M. (1999) 'The Militarization of Ethnicity and the Emergence of Warlordism in Rwanda, 1990-94', in Paul Rich (ed.) Warlords in International Relations, London: Macmillan 1999, 140-63
Martin, I. (1998) After genocide: the United Nations human rights field operation in Rwanda. Human Rights Centre.
Millwood, D. (ed) (1996) The international response to conflict and genocide: lessons from the Rwanda experience, 5 vols. (Documents counter)
Prunier, G. (1995) 'The Rwanda crisis, 1959-94: history of a genocide'.
Taylor, C. (1999) Sacrifice as terror: the Rwandan genocide of 1994. Oxford:Berg.
Twagiramariya, C. and Turshen, M. (1998) '"Favours" to give and "consenting" victims: the sexual politics of survival in Rwanda', in Twagiramariya and Turshen (eds.) What Women Do in Wartime, London: Zed
Waters, T. (1999) Conventional wisdom and Rwanda's genocide: an opinion, African Studies Quarterly 1, 1